Blog 5: Anti-Federalists

                As an anti-federalists, we believe that the constitution will give too much power to a central government.  With this power, the central government may try to take away the states’ powers or interfere with individual’s liberties.  We also think that since the central government will be relatively far away from much of the population, it could easily become corrupt.  The only connection that we would have was one representative for every thirty thousand people, which was a much greater proportion than with the current state confederation.  That one representative could never know the wants and needs of that many people.  With this representative so far away from the people he represented, it would be tough for him to actually know what is going on in the place that he represents.  This is unlike the current situation where the representatives only have to travel short distances and are with his “subjects” often.  We anti-federalists are most fearful of losing state power and personal liberty to a more powerful central government.

Blog 4: Stamp Act Project

Stamp Act Project

Read this background information about the Stamp Act (secondary source): http://investigatinghistory.ashp.cuny.edu/m2a.html

1)     Why did the British believe it was necessary to tax the colonists?

2)     What legal rights did colonists believe were being violated through the British government’s program of taxation?

3)     How did the colonists protest these taxes? 

        The British needed income to pay back war debts from the French and Indian War and mainland Britain already had high taxes.  They also wanted to tax products that were not British to raise their prices so colonists would be more likely to buy cheaper British products.  The new Sugar Act changed people’s trials to have a paid British Justice instead of a local “peer” jury.  The British had also never taxed the colonies and they thought that they should be exempt from taxes.  The colonists made petitions, distributed pamphlets to the public about the taxes, and boycotted the taxes by not buying the goods that were taxed. 

Now read excerpts of the Stamp Act: http://investigatinghistory.ashp.cuny.edu/m2b.html

(primary source)

4)     What was the Stamp Act and what was taxed? 

The stamp act was a tax imposed on the American colonies that was meant to help offset the cost of positioning British troops in the colonies for protection.  The stamp act required the taxation of most printed goods and papers (ex. newspapers, diplomas, cards, wills, etc).

http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/makingrev/crisis/text3/stampactresponse1765.pdf  (primary source)

Read page 5 which is an excerpt of Benjamin Franklin’s testimony before the British Parliament about the Stamp Act: 

5)     What is Franklin’s explanation for the Americans’ resistance to the Stamp Act tax?  (Explain the difference between an external and an internal tax, according to Franklin.)

6)     What is the overall message Franklin conveys to Parliament?  

           Franklin, and most everyone else in the colonies, believed that the British could not internally tax the colonies because the colonies did not have representation in Parliament.  The colonies accept the external tax that is laid on them by the British because that is an import tax that is added the products coming into the colonies, and if they think that it makes the product’s price to high, they can just not buy it.  An internal tax however is very different.  An internal tax taxes the trades that occur in-between colonist without goods entering the colonies.  Franklin’s overall message to Parliament is this.  The people greatly disagree with the Stamp Act and if it is not repealed, they will be willing to fight for their freedom to tax themselves and not by someone else.

Read page 8 (primary source)

7)     What is this source? (Provide the name of the source, give the date and report the type of source it is.) 

8)     Provide the dates and describe the five (5) incidents this source reports.

9)     How did common, everyday people seem to be affected by the Stamp Act? 

            The Public Protests Against the Stamp Act: North Carolina article was part of North Carolina’s newspaper, North Carolina Gazette.  The article was published on November 20^, 1765 and is a primary source on the Stamp Act.  The article entails the following instances of protests.  On October 19^th, five hundred people hung a statue of a man that was in favor of the Stamp Act and they then burnt the statue with tar barrels that were lit on fire.  On October 31^st, a group of people put an effigy of liberty into a casket and was about to bury it, but they then marched it back to the bonfire, set it in a chair, and rejoiced that liberty still existed in the colonies.  November 16^th brought about another protest.  When a distributer of stamps entered into a town, a crowd of people surrounded him and made him sign a resignation so he would not disperse stamps anymore.  Later that night, the only people that were on the streets had the word LIBERTY on their hats.  They cheered for liberty while drinking around a bonfire.  In Newborn, an effigy was made of Doctor William Houston.  They put it on trial, condemned it, and then hung it and burnt the effigy.

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Read page 10  (primary source)

10)  Who is the author of this source and who do you think his intended audience is?

11)  Describe two incidents that the author relates.

12)  What is the perspective of this author?

                Peter Oliver was a British loyalist (colonist still loyal the Britain) that feared for his safety.  I think the document was aimed toward the British people to help them understand what was happening in the colonies.  Oliver relates to an instance where a seventy year old clergy man in Boston told the people to “Fight up to your Knees in Blood.”  Another instance he states is when the secretary of the province (the Stamp Master) was brought to the Tree of Liberty and his house was damaged.  He was forced to resign from his office or face death by the colonists. 

Read pages 13 & 14  (primary source)

13)  Who do the colonial assemblies seem to be targeting as their audience for their “resolutions and boycotts.” 

14)  Provide an overview of what the colonial assemblies are stating in these documents.

           

               The colonial assemblies were targeting the British government by stating what they believe and their rights in formal documents.  All the colonies are stating that they have the same rights as British citizens, meaning that they can only be taxed by themselves or by representing officials and not by a government where they do not have representation. 

Read page 16 (primary source to us, secondary source when written)

15)   In what ways does this source (even today) serve as a secondary source?  Give an example.

16)   In what way does it serve as a primary source? 

           I think this source is a primary source to us because it was written from a person who lived during the time that the Stamp Act was active.  It was a secondary source to the people of his time because he was compiling information that others had already written about.

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17) Individual Question:  After conducting your analysis of the Stamp Act, what is the new information you learned about the issuance of the Stamp Act, the colonists’ and Loyalists’ response to it.  Did reading primary sources change or broaden your perspective on this time period?  If so, describe that change.    (Write 200-300 words.) 

               This project widened my knowledge of the Stamp Act greatly.  I knew the general information about the Stamp act, but reading many primary sources and secondary sources on the subject has increased my knowledge of it.  The detailed protests included in this reading was a great way to understand how strongly the colonists resented the Stamp Act and anyone who favored it.  I learned that Ben Franklin went in front of Parliament to voice the opinion of the colonies against the Stamp Act and even warned them that the colonist would most likely fight for their freedom from internal taxation.  The whole time I was reading this part I was thinking how amazing Franklin knew the colonies and how that helped him predict the future if things did not change.  It was also nice to read about this time period from the point of view of a British loyalist.  We are able to see how they perceived the situation compared to that of the colonists.  I also learned that most colonist wanted to be a British colony if they received the freedom that they believed they were entitled to and that they would have probably stayed with the British if it were not for the internal taxes.

Blog 3: Colonies

              If I were to have lived in any of the early American colonies, I would have wanted to live in the New England colony and more specifically, the Massachusetts Bay Colony.  In this colony, the immigrants had the ability to govern themselves instead of being directly ruled by a European country.  The residents of the Massachusetts Bay Colony were some of the most determined people in the New World.  They set off to set up a city that everyone would look toward.  Aside from their great ambitions, these colonists did not run into much Native Americans due to an epidemic that killed most of them in the area a decade before they arrived.  This meant no trade with them of course, but it also meant no war, which most interactions with natives usually ended up being.

               Unlike many of the other early colonies, the Massachusetts Bay Colony consisted of immigrants that possessed skills such as farmers and carpenters, and not just a majority of wealthy people who needed slaves or servants to work for them.  Another distinguishing thing about them is that they were made up of mainly families.  Unlike the other colonies that were often single men that came to the new world to find work.  This would allow the colony to grow and flourish without the “importation” of single women.

               The colony had some drawbacks though.  The Massachusetts Bay Colony did not escape the deadly ailments that plagued all the colonies which killed many people.  Another drawback in my opinion is that the Massachusetts Bay Colony did partake, like many other colonies, in trying to convert Native Americans to Christianity/European lifestyles by removing them from their local communities.

Blog 2: The Mexica (Aztecs)

My people call ourselves Mexica, but the Europeans people call us Aztecs.  We live in Central American, known now as Mexico, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.  Our people are known for their military strength, which allowed us to conquer all the tribes in what now is our enormous territory.  We believe in the god Huitzilopochtli, who is the god of war.  We believe that we had to sacrifice human flesh the Huitzilopochtli to keep the Sun from going out.  We often use captives from military conquests to be used as our sacrifices.   

Our society is broken into two social classes, the nobility and the commoners.  The nobility makes up only ten percent of our people.  Most of our wealth goes to the nobility.  This wealth comes mainly from tribute which we force conquered tribes to pay.  This tribute is in the form of goods such as food, gold, and even the humans themselves.    Over time we have acquired enough wealth to build great cities and to fill our storehouses with large amounts of treasures. 

Our main source of food, other than tribute goods is through the farming of our own maize, squash, and beans.  As our population has grown we used irrigation and converted mountainsides and swamps into usable farmland to sustain the population.   Our women use cotton to produce textiles such as clothing.  We also create pottery for cooking and religious affairs.  We use obsidian to create razor sharp tools and weapons that propel our society forward.  We have large marketplaces where we use cotton textiles and cocoa as currency for purchases, but like money. 

Our society lies in a brittle balance between us and our conquered territories.  We haveto make sure we keep control over them or else they could ally with other and revolt.  (The Spanish allies with the conquered tribe's peoples to take over the Mexica). 

Web Source:  

http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/1-CompleteSet/Smith-AztecCulture-WWW.pdf